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Fig. 3. —Diagram of three-dimensional analysis of blood flow velocity vector at vessel wall. Diagram shows how to decompose vector of blood flow velocity into three orthogonal directions including axial direction paralleling vessel axis, nonaxial direction perpendicular to axis and parallel to vessel wall, and normal direction perpendicular to vessel wall. Of three components, former two induce wall shear rate. Normal component does not contribute to wall shear stress, but to normal stress.