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Fig. 1B. —Drawings of phantom tubes used to represent biliary system in experiments. Upstream inlet portion (I) of second model type was fitted with various diameters of 2, 4, 8, and 12 mm to simulate bile duct sizes, ranging from normal to dilated. Diameter of narrower outlet portion (O) was fixed at 2 mm, which was assumed to be diameter of papilla of Vater. Signal was measured upstream (asterisk) from narrower outlet. Ratio between inlet and outlet diameters was 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, and 1:6.