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Fig. 3. —Diagram of ex vivo pulsatile perfusion system. Perfusion pressures (systole and diastole) are adjusted by changing heights of reservoirs, and pulse rate is controlled by function generator. Flow (F) and pressure (P) are measured instantaneously upstream from renal artery using in-line probes. Doppler spectra are simultaneously obtained from perfused kidney using commercially available ultrasound platform. Temp = temperature. (Reprinted with permission from [94])