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Fig. 8A. —68-year-old man with chronic pyelonephritis, hydronephrosis, and cystitis. Left kidney had been treated by percutaneous nephrostomy. Volume of right kidney was 395 mL, and that of left kidney was 260 mL. Contrast medium uptake on right side was reduced. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as measured with CT was considerably overestimated in both kidneys. For right kidney, excretory GFR = 3 mL/min and CT GFR = 47 mL/min; for left kidney, excretory GFR = 10 mL/min and CT GFR = 44 mL/min. Axial CT scan (A) and coronal reconstructed image derived from CT scans (B) obtained during parenchymal phase (115 sec after contrast injection) show markedly swollen kidneys, especially on right side.