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Fig. 2C. —67-year-old woman with unifocal tumor that fragmented while she underwent chemotherapy. MR images obtained after two courses (B) and at end of chemotherapy (C) show fragmentation of tumor, resulting in multiple residual foci. MRI measurement of longest tumor diameter underestimated residual 6-cm invasive ductal carcinoma tumor by 2 cm. This type of response was considered to indicate unfavorable situation for breast-conserving surgery. In this patient, MRI assessment would have led to postchemotherapy mastectomy and allowed her to avoid undergoing additional breast-conserving surgery that resulted in positive margins.