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Fig. 4A. —High-resolution CT (HRCT) scans show one malignant case and one benign case. Note that radiologists' interpretations without computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) scheme were correct in these cases, whereas likelihoods of malignancy based on computer outputs only were obviously incorrect; even with incorrect CAD outputs, radiologists retained correct ratings. HRCT scan shows malignant lung nodule in 68-year-old man. Computer output was 0.36; radiologists' ratings without CAD, 0.67; and radiologists' ratings with CAD, 0.61.