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Fig. 5. —Effects on radiofrequency heating by alteration of thermal conductivity. Surface response at 0.5 watts/m-°C most closely approximates empirically determined results in liver, whereas plot at higher thermal conductivities approximates results in agar phantoms. Increasing thermal conductivity of entire system (i.e., "tumor" and surrounding tissue) can achieve bigger ablations. Left shift in response surface is caused by both increased thermal conductivity and current limitation, where thermal conductivity increases until it becomes limited by current. For region to right of maximum, greater energy is needed to obtain larger ablations. S/m = siemens per meter.