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Fig. 3B. —41-year-old patient with invasive ductal carcinoma, grade III, studied while undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment. MRI was performed using contrast-enhanced 3D fast gradient-recalled echo pulse sequence (TR/TE, 8/4.2; flip angle, 20°; 18-cm field of view, 2-mm slice thickness, 256 x 192 acquisition matrix). Patient presented with 71 cm³ (6.2-cm diameter) tumor and experienced increase in MRI tumor volume throughout treatment (28% overall increase). At surgery, 8 cm of residual disease and nine involved lymph nodes were identified. Patient experienced disease recurrence 8 months after surgery. Maximum intensity projection (top) with corresponding tumor volume segmentation for representative sagittal slice (bottom) acquired after one cycle of chemotherapy.