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Fig. 1A —55-year-old man with left posterior frontal lobe arteriovenous malformation. Zoom-in shows phase image with through-plane velocity encoding. Average was taken over all frames having through-plane encoding to improve signal-to-noise ratio. Size of image shown is 55 x 45 mm. Points 1, 2, and 3 show locations of measurements plotted in (B). Points 1 and 2 were placed in larger draining vein (varix) and point 3 in smaller draining vein. In this gray-scale image, midgray is zero velocity, black is fluid moving out of plane (superior-inferior), and white is fluid moving into plane (inferior-superior). Particle tracking results are shown with seed points placed at every fifth pixel.