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Fig. 1E —Patient 1 in Table 1. Coronal maximum-intensity-projection (MIP) images from time-resolved 3D gadolinium-enhanced gradient-echo subtraction MR angiogram (TR/TE, 3.4/1.3; 25° flip angle; temporal resolution, 6 sec) in 72-year-old woman who had malfunctioning arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Subsequent images obtained at 12 (B), 18 (C), and 24 (D) sec after contrast injection show hemodialysis AVF and entire inflow and outflow vessels in one single large field of view. A high-grade focal venous stenosis 2 cm away from left upper extremity AVF anastomosis (arrowhead, E) is seen. It is our experience that earlier time-resolved images help differentiate arterial and venous anatomy. E, Magnified MIP image of venous stenosis (arrow). Doppler sonogram (not shown) obtained within 1 month of MR angiography showed same finding.