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Fig. 1 —Changes in cross-sectional area of trachea lumen during repeated coughing. Graph shows sequential reductions in cross-sectional area lumen of trachea during coughing at four contiguous levels of analysis, with approximately 75% reduction in cross-sectional area lumen. Note relative consistency in tracheal lumen diameter changes over repeated coughing episodes, with only mild degrees of variation in maximal and minimal tracheal lumen diameter. L1-L4 = consecutive levels 1 through 4, with L1 at approximately midaortic arch level and L4 at approximately carinal level.