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Fig. 1A —Drawings and photograph show phantom used for experiments. Schematic diagram shows phantom used for experiment. Perfusion pump (P) and oxygenator (O) of a cardiopulmonary bypass circuit were connected to system of tubings to mimic arteriovenous system. Smaller interconnecting tubes (a, b, c) were used to mimic bleeding arteries and were enclosed in sponge sleeves. Tube a had 100-µm hole, tube b had 280-µm hole, and tube c had no holes in it. Contrast material was injected via automatic injector (CI) connected to oxygenator. Pressure was changed with graduated valve (V) and measured with manometer (M). Arrows indicate direction of flow. P₁, P₂, Q₁, and Q₂ indicate measurements used for mathematic model outlined in Appendix 1. Briefly, pressure at input to pump is P₂, and pressure at output is P₁, Q₁ is flow in main arterial (aortic) branch, Q₂ is flow in each of three arterial branches in acrylic plastic (Perspex, Lucite International) insert. Position of catheter for digital subtraction angiography study is indicated as 1 – selective position and 2 – highly superselective position (see text and tables).