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Fig. 1A —Phantom system and balloon. Photographs show cardiac phantom system (A) and balloon (B) used to simulate left ventricle, attached tubes (simulated coronary arteries), and water-filled tank in which balloon is submerged. Phantom system consists of five components: driver, controller, fixed support, rubber balloon (phantom), and ECG simulator. Controller with ECG synchronizer drives balloon. Motion is achieved with four driver sequences: two speeds of fast emptying for systolic phase and fast and slow filling for diastolic phase. Balloon is filled with contrast medium to simulate contrast-enhanced heart. Acrylic tubes (mimicking coronary arteries) containing contrast medium are attached to balloon surface. Fabricated plaques are packed inside tubes to simulate stenosis. Ends of balloon are stabilized to fixed support at distance of 10 cm.