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Fig. 4A —Phantom with simulated vessels with 50% stenosis. Results show low attenuation decreased contrast-to-noise ratio and caused overestimation of stenosis, especially in small vessels. High attenuation enhanced contrast-to-noise ratio but also caused severe partial volume effect. Thus larger stenosis in larger vessel was clearly depicted but stenosis was underestimated in smaller vessels. CT attenuation of 350 H is optimal for accurate quantification of stenosis in larger and smaller vessels. CT scan shows 3- and 5-mm coronary arteries under low-attenuation (200 H) protocol.