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Fig. 1C —Sketches show four stages of embryologic development of brachiocephalic and internal jugular veins and superior vena cava (SVC). In 17-mm embryo, normal left brachiocephalic vein (LBCV) has developed from persistence of right CCV and PCA and regression of middle and lower portions of left CCV. Internal jugular veins (IJV) have developed from upper parts of PCV. Subclavian veins (SV) have developed as tributaries of CCV.