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DOI:10.2214/AJR.09.2352
AJR 2009; 193:1621-1628
© American Roentgen Ray Society

Original Research

Radiation Dose and Excess Risk of Cancer in Children Undergoing Neuroangiography

Colin A. Raelson1,2, Kalpana M. Kanal3, Monica S. Vavilala1,4,5, Frederick P. Rivara1,4, Louis J. Kim6, Brent K. Stewart3 and Wendy A. Cohen3

1 Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
2 Present address: Department of Preventive Medicine, Children's Environmental Health Center, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029.
3 Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
4 Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
5 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
6 Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

OBJECTIVE. The primary goal of this study was to determine the radiation dose received during diagnostic and interventional neuroangiographic procedures in a group of pediatric patients. A second goal was to approximate the total average radiation dose from all angiographic and CT studies that pediatric patients underwent during the study period and to estimate the increased risk of cancer incidence in this patient group.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study subjects were pediatric patients who had undergone one or more neuroangiographic procedures at Harborview Medical Center between December 1, 2004, and April 30, 2008. Recorded radiation doses were converted to entrance skin dose (ESD) and effective dose (ED) to indicate deterministic and stochastic damage, respectively. The Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) VII, phase 2, report was used to estimate the expected increased risk of cancer in the study population.

RESULTS. For diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, a mean ED of 10.4 and 34.0 mSv per procedure was calculated, respectively. The ESD values proved too low to cause deterministic harm. The estimated number of excess cases of malignancy projected from the total average radiation exposure was 890.6 per 100,000 exposed male children and 1,222.5 per 100,000 exposed females, an overall increase of approximately 1% to the lifetime attributable risk of cancer.

CONCLUSION. Although both angiography and CT have revolutionized the practice of medicine and confer benefits to patients, it is important that we continue to investigate the possible adverse effects of these technologies. Protocols that minimize radiation dose without compromising a study should be implemented.

Keywords: CT • lifetime attributable risk of cancer • neuroangiography • pediatrics • radiation dose


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