Whole-Body Three-Dimensional Multidetector CT of 13 Egyptian Human Mummies
Federico Cesarani1,
Maria Cristina Martina1,
Andrea Ferraris1,
Renato Grilletto2,
Rosa Boano2,
Elisa Fiore Marochetti3,
Anna Maria Donadoni3 and
Giovanni Gandini1
1 Istituto di Radiologia Diagnostica ed Interventistica, Università di
Torino, Azienda Ospedaliera San Giovanni Battista di Torino, Ospedale
Molinette, Corso Bramante 84, 10126 Torino, Italy.
2 Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, Laboratorio di Antropologia
Fisica, Università di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
3 Soprintendenza al Museo delle Antichità Egizie di Torino, 10126 Torino,
Italy.
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Fig. 1A. —Mummy of Harwa, Valley of Queens (Egyptian Museum, Torino,
Italy; identification number SUPPL 5226, CGT 13011), dating from Dynasty XXII
to Dynasty XXIII. First default three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of CT
image shows outermost surface layer of bandages still around body.
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Fig. 1B. —Mummy of Harwa, Valley of Queens (Egyptian Museum, Torino,
Italy; identification number SUPPL 5226, CGT 13011), dating from Dynasty XXII
to Dynasty XXIII. Final 3D reconstruction of CT image obtained after virtual
removal of bandages from whole body shows residual soft tissues, especially in
abdomen area, and position of body.
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Fig. 1C. —Mummy of Harwa, Valley of Queens (Egyptian Museum, Torino,
Italy; identification number SUPPL 5226, CGT 13011), dating from Dynasty XXII
to Dynasty XXIII. Axial CT image acquired at level of abdomen shows abdominal
cavity occupied by packing after removal of inner organs. Several layers of
bandages placed around body are visible.
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Fig. 1D. —Mummy of Harwa, Valley of Queens (Egyptian Museum, Torino,
Italy; identification number SUPPL 5226, CGT 13011), dating from Dynasty XXII
to Dynasty XXIII. CT image obtained at same level as C after virtual
subtotal removal of bandages shows only thin wraps and dehydrated soft tissues
delimitating abdominal cavity.
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Fig. 2. —Mummy of Neferrenpet from Theban area (Egyptian Museum,
Torino, Italy; identification number CAT 2231, CGT 13007), dating from Dynasty
XXV to Dynasty XXVI. Maximum-intensity-projection midline sagittal reformatted
reconstruction of CT image of whole body was used to perform measurement of
stature. Calculated stature is 155 cm.
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Fig. 3A. —Male mummy of unknown provenance (Egyptian Museum, Torino,
Italy; identification number PROVV 731, CGT 13023), dating from New Kingdom to
Third Intermediate period. Midline sagittal reconstruction of CT image with
anthropometric measurements of skull marked shows basion-bregma height (129.6
mm) (arrowhead); nasion-basion diameter (96.8 mm) (small single
arrow); basion-prostion diameter (96.3 mm) (small double
arrows); and basion-gnathion diameter (106.9 mm) (large
arrow).
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Fig. 4A. —Mummy known as "the Bundle," from Gebelein
(Egyptian Museum, Torino, Italy; identification number SUPPL 14061, CGT
13020), dating from Dynasty III to Dynasty IV (2650-2450 B.C.). Preliminary
scanogram depicts body in fetal position.
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Fig. 4B. —Mummy known as "the Bundle," from Gebelein
(Egyptian Museum, Torino, Italy; identification number SUPPL 14061, CGT
13020), dating from Dynasty III to Dynasty IV (2650-2450 B.C.).
Three-dimensional (3D) skeleton reconstruction of CT image shows integrity of
adult body.
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Fig. 4C. —Mummy known as "the Bundle," from Gebelein
(Egyptian Museum, Torino, Italy; identification number SUPPL 14061, CGT
13020), dating from Dynasty III to Dynasty IV (2650-2450 B.C.). External
foreign object is visible on first default 3D reconstruction of CT image of
surface.
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Fig. 4D. —Mummy known as "the Bundle," from Gebelein
(Egyptian Museum, Torino, Italy; identification number SUPPL 14061, CGT
13020), dating from Dynasty III to Dynasty IV (2650-2450 B.C.).
Three-dimensional reformation of CT image reveals foreign object near lower
extremities of mummy to be headrest typical of period between end of Dynasty
III and Dynasty IV.
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Fig. 1E. — Mummy of Harwa, Valley of Queens (Egyptian Museum, Torino,
Italy; identification number SUPPL 5226, CGT 13011), dating from Dynasty XXII
to Dynasty XXIII. Sagittal reformatted reconstruction of CT image aquired from
skull reveals complete absence of brain material and persistence of only thin
meningeal sheets. Evidence is seen of interruption of ethmoid cells that
occurred while brain was being removed through nasal cavity during embalming
procedures.
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Fig. 1F. — Mummy of Harwa, Valley of Queens (Egyptian Museum, Torino,
Italy; identification number SUPPL 5226, CGT 13011), dating from Dynasty XXII
to Dynasty XXIII. Three-dimensional reconstruction of CT image of cranial base
from upper viewpoint clearly shows ethmoid interruption (large
arrow). Foramen magnum (small arrows) is also indicated.
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Fig. 5A. —Mummy of Harwa, from Valley of Queens (Egyptian Museum,
Torino, Italy; identification number SUPPL 5226, CGT 13011), dating from
Dynasty XXI to Dynasty XXIII. Three-dimensional volume-rendering
reconstruction of CT image shows two beads 12 mm in diameter and lace around
right knee.
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Fig. 5B. —Mummy of Harwa, from Valley of Queens (Egyptian Museum,
Torino, Italy; identification number SUPPL 5226, CGT 13011), dating from
Dynasty XXI to Dynasty XXIII. Photograph shows two Egyptian beads for
comparison with beads in A.
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Fig. 6. —Mummy of child who was approximately 4 years old at time of
death (Egyptian Museum, Torino, Italy; identification number CAT 2245, CGT
13009), dating from Ptolemaic to Roman period. Orthopantomographiclike
reconstruction of CT image shows child's mandible and maxillary dental arcade.
The reconstruction was used to estimate age on basis of dental standards
related to timing of tooth eruption.
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Fig. 3B. —Male mummy of unknown provenance (Egyptian Museum, Torino,
Italy; identification number PROVV 731, CGT 13023), dating from New Kingdom to
Third Intermediate period. Three-dimensional reconstruction of CT image of
mandibular occlusal surface permits accurate assessment of dentition and shows
absence of four molars (arrows).
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Fig. 7. —Mummy of child who was 5-6 years old at time of death
(Egyptian Museum, Torino, Italy; identification number SUPPL 5270, CGT 13013),
dating from Dynasty XXII to Dynasty XXIII. Virtual endoscopic CT image of
lower skull cavity shows wooden pole entering through occipital foramen
(large solid arrows), inserted to keep fragile body of child
straight, and nearby residual dehydrated brain (small solid arrows)
in occipital fossa. Open arrow indicates sella turcica in front for
orientation.
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Copyright © 2003 by the American Roentgen Ray Society.
