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Visualization and Quantification of Flow and Velocity Fields in Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations Using Phase-Contrast MR Angiography

John W. Grinstead1,2, Shantanu Sinha1, Satoshi Tateshima3,4, Yih-Lin Nien1 and Fernando Vinuela1

1 Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Ueberroth Bldg., Suite 3371, 10945 LeConte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095-7206.
2 Siemens Medical Solutions, Los Angeles, CA 90095.
3 Department of Neurosurgery, Atsugi City Hospital, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa, Japan, 243-0004.
4 Department of System Design Engineering, Keio University School of Engineering, Kohoku-ku, Yohohama, Japan, 228-8522.


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1A —55-year-old man with left posterior frontal lobe arteriovenous malformation. Zoom-in shows phase image with through-plane velocity encoding. Average was taken over all frames having through-plane encoding to improve signal-to-noise ratio. Size of image shown is 55 x 45 mm. Points 1, 2, and 3 show locations of measurements plotted in (B). Points 1 and 2 were placed in larger draining vein (varix) and point 3 in smaller draining vein. In this gray-scale image, midgray is zero velocity, black is fluid moving out of plane (superior-inferior), and white is fluid moving into plane (inferior-superior). Particle tracking results are shown with seed points placed at every fifth pixel.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 1B —55-year-old man with left posterior frontal lobe arteriovenous malformation. Average speed calculated over small circular region of interest (6 pixels) placed at points 1, 2, and 3. Velocity is much higher in smaller draining vein, 3, than in varix, 1 and 2. {diamondsuit} = 1, {blacksquare} = 2, {blacktriangleup} = 3.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 1C —55-year-old man with left posterior frontal lobe arteriovenous malformation. Velocity vector field superimposed onto through-plane velocity contour map at diastole. Color bar shows velocity scale (cm/sec), with the background color (green) being zero velocity and red and blue corresponding to inferior-superior and superior-inferior motion, respectively.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 2 —51-year-old woman with left occipital arteriovenous malformation. Zoom-in on sagittal slice shows dilated vein of Galen with average of magnitude images from phase-contrast flow quantification cine acquisition displayed. Velocity field is shown superimposed over magnitude image at systole. Size of image shown is 35 x 35 mm.

 

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