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Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Before Liver Transplantation: A Prospective Study with Histopathologic Comparison

Pierre-Yves Brillet1, Valérie Paradis2, Giuseppe Brancatelli3,4, Anne-Sophie Rangheard3, Yann Consigny5, Aurélie Plessier5, François Durand5, Jacques Belghiti6, Daniele Sommacale6 and Valérie Vilgrain1,7

1 Department of Radiology, APHP-Hôpital Beaujon, 100 Boulevard du General Leclerc, Clichy 92118, France.
2 Department of Pathology, APHP-Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy 92118, France.
3 Department of Radiology, Ospedale Specializzato in Gastroenterologia "Saverio de Bellis" IRCCS, Castellana Grotte (Bari) 70013, Italia.
4 Istituto di Radiologia, Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 127, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
5 Department of Hepatology, APHP-Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy 92118, France.
6 Department of Digestive Surgery and Transplantation Unit, APHP-Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy 92118, France.
7 INSERM unité 773, CRB3. Faculté Xavier-Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchart, 75018 Paris, France.


Figure 1
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Fig. 1 —Bar graph shows outcomes of 21 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. White bars indicate waiting list; gray bars, transplantation; and black bars, exclusion. Numbers in bars are number of patients.

 

Figure 2
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Fig. 2A —63 year-old man (patient 7) waiting for liver transplantation because of hepatocellular carcinoma, in whom complete necrosis of tumor was achieved through percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. Arterial-phase contrast-enhanced transverse helical CT scan before treatment shows 25-mm hyperattenuating hepatocellular carcinoma (white arrow) in right posterior hepatic segment.

 

Figure 3
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Fig. 2B —63 year-old man (patient 7) waiting for liver transplantation because of hepatocellular carcinoma, in whom complete necrosis of tumor was achieved through percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. Arterial-phase contrast-enhanced transverse helical CT scan during follow-up (4 months after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation and 8 days before liver transplantation) shows arterioportal shunting (white star) and absence of arterial enhancement (white arrow) within tumor because of complete necrosis.

 

Figure 4
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Fig. 2C —63 year-old man (patient 7) waiting for liver transplantation because of hepatocellular carcinoma, in whom complete necrosis of tumor was achieved through percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. Pathologic examination of explanted liver confirmed complete necrosis of tumor but showed multiple satellite nodules (black arrows) and fibrous peritumoral capsule (white arrow).

 

Figure 5
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Fig. 3A —60 year-old man (patient 14) waiting for liver transplantation because of hepatocellular carcinoma, in whom incomplete necrosis of tumor was achieved through percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. Arterial-phase contrast-enhanced transverse helical CT scan shows 5-cm hypoattenuating hepatocellular carcinoma. Enhancement was seen only in small, peripheral portion of tumor (white arrow).

 

Figure 6
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Fig. 3B —60 year-old man (patient 14) waiting for liver transplantation because of hepatocellular carcinoma, in whom incomplete necrosis of tumor was achieved through percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. Gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted fat-suppressed gradient-echo MR image (TR/TE, 216/5.1; flip angle, 80°) obtained during portal venous phase (B) and fat-suppressed T2-weighted fast spin-echo MR image (1,600/70) (C) 2 months after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation and 4 days before liver transplantation show residual tumor (white arrow).

 

Figure 7
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Fig. 3C —60 year-old man (patient 14) waiting for liver transplantation because of hepatocellular carcinoma, in whom incomplete necrosis of tumor was achieved through percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. Gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted fat-suppressed gradient-echo MR image (TR/TE, 216/5.1; flip angle, 80°) obtained during portal venous phase (B) and fat-suppressed T2-weighted fast spin-echo MR image (1,600/70) (C) 2 months after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation and 4 days before liver transplantation show residual tumor (white arrow).

 

Figure 8
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Fig. 3D —60 year-old man (patient 14) waiting for liver transplantation because of hepatocellular carcinoma, in whom incomplete necrosis of tumor was achieved through percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. Pathologic examination of explant confirmed tumor recurrence (black arrow). This patient had microvascular invasion.

 

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