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MRI of Coronary Vessel Walls Using Radial k-Space Sampling and Steady-State Free Precession Imaging

Marcus Katoh1, Elmar Spuentrup1, Arno Buecker1, Tobias Schaeffter2, Matthias Stuber3, Rolf W. Günther1 and Rene M. Botnar4

1 Department of Diagnostic Radiology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany.
2 Philips Research Laboratories, Hamburg, Germany.
3 Department of Radiology, Division of MRI Research, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD.
4 Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1 —Diagram of free-breathing navigator-gated 3D black blood sequences using cartesian and radial gradient-echo or radial steady-state free precession (SSFP) imaging. Black blood properties are maintained using double inversion prepulse consisting of nonselective and selective inversion pulses. Real-time navigator precedes five preparatory pulses, which are used to approach steady-state conditions. Epicardial fat saturation is achieved using spectral inversion (SPIR) pulse. Imaging was performed during mid-diastole, which is quiescent period in cardiac cycle.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2A —Bright blood MR angiography shows right coronary artery of two healthy volunteers. Radial steady-state free precession (SSFP) image of 31-year-old healthy man shows right coronary artery.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 2B —Bright blood MR angiography shows right coronary artery of two healthy volunteers. Scans corresponding to A that were acquired using cartesian gradient-echo (GRE) (B), radial GRE (C), or radial SSFP (D) sequences show coronary vessel walls (arrowheads). Note pronounced motion artifacts (arrows, B) in phase-encoding direction originating from cardiac motion in cartesian GRE images.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 2C —Bright blood MR angiography shows right coronary artery of two healthy volunteers. Scans corresponding to A that were acquired using cartesian gradient-echo (GRE) (B), radial GRE (C), or radial SSFP (D) sequences show coronary vessel walls (arrowheads). Note pronounced motion artifacts (arrows, B) in phase-encoding direction originating from cardiac motion in cartesian GRE images.

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 2D —Bright blood MR angiography shows right coronary artery of two healthy volunteers. Scans corresponding to A that were acquired using cartesian gradient-echo (GRE) (B), radial GRE (C), or radial SSFP (D) sequences show coronary vessel walls (arrowheads). Note pronounced motion artifacts (arrows, B) in phase-encoding direction originating from cardiac motion in cartesian GRE images.

 

Figure 6
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  		Fig. 2E —Bright blood MR angiography shows right coronary artery of two healthy volunteers. Radial SSFP image of 38-year-old healthy woman shows right coronary artery.

 

Figure 7
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  		Fig. 2F —Bright blood MR angiography shows right coronary artery of two healthy volunteers. Scans corresponding to E that were acquired using cartesian GRE (B), radial GRE (C), or radial SSFP (D) sequences show coronary vessel walls (arrowheads). Note pronounced motion artifacts (arrows, F) in phase-encoding direction originating from cardiac motion in cartesian GRE images.

 

Figure 8
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  		Fig. 2G —Bright blood MR angiography shows right coronary artery of two healthy volunteers. Scans corresponding to E that were acquired using cartesian GRE (B), radial GRE (C), or radial SSFP (D) sequences show coronary vessel walls (arrowheads). Note pronounced motion artifacts (arrows, F) in phase-encoding direction originating from cardiac motion in cartesian GRE images.

 

Figure 9
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  		Fig. 2H —Bright blood MR angiography shows right coronary artery of two healthy volunteers. Scans corresponding to E that were acquired using cartesian GRE (B), radial GRE (C), or radial SSFP (D) sequences show coronary vessel walls (arrowheads). Note pronounced motion artifacts (arrows, F) in phase-encoding direction originating from cardiac motion in cartesian GRE images.

 

Figure 10
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  		Fig. 3A —Analysis of objective image quality parameters for cartesian gradient-echo (cartGRE, gray bars), radial gradient-echo (radGRE, black bars), and radial steady-state free precession (radSSFP, white bars) sequences. Bar graph shows signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). vw = vessel wall.

 

Figure 11
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  		Fig. 3B —Analysis of objective image quality parameters for cartesian gradient-echo (cartGRE, gray bars), radial gradient-echo (radGRE, black bars), and radial steady-state free precession (radSSFP, white bars) sequences. Bar graph shows vessel length and sharpness.

 

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