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Isotropic MRI of the Knee with 3D Fast Spin-Echo Extended Echo-Train Acquisition (XETA): Initial Experience

¹ Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Grant Bldg. SO-68B, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305-5105.
² GE Healthcare Global Applied Sciences Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA.
³ Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

View larger version (12K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 1A —Bar graphs show signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for 3D fast spin-echo (FSE) extended echo-train acquisition (XETA) (light gray bars), 2D FSE (white bars), and 2D fast recovery FSE (FRFSE) (black bars). Asterisks denote significant differences (p < 0.01). Cartilage SNR for 3D FSE XETA (TR/TEeff, 2,500/38), 2D FSE (TR/TEeff, 4,000/38), and 2D FRFSE (TR/TEeff, 2,500/38). Cartilage and muscle SNRs are significantly higher for 3D FSE XETA compared with 2D FSE and 2D FRFSE. Fluid SNR for 2D FSE is higher than 3D FSE XETA. Fluid SNRs for 2D FRFSE and 3D FSE XETA are not statistically different.

View larger version (11K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 1B —Bar graphs show signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for 3D fast spin-echo (FSE) extended echo-train acquisition (XETA) (light gray bars), 2D FSE (white bars), and 2D fast recovery FSE (FRFSE) (black bars). Asterisks denote significant differences (p < 0.01). Fluid-cartilage CNR was higher for 2D FSE and 2D FRFSE than 3D FSE XETA.

View larger version (110K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 2A —25-year-old female volunteer. Coronal 3D fast spin-echo (FSE) extended echo-train acquisition (XETA) (TR/TEeff, 2,500/38) (A), coronal 2D FSE (TR/TEeff, 4,000/38) (B), and coronal 2D FRFSE (TR/TEeff, 2,500/38) (C) images at 1.5 T show fluid signal (arrows) is high compared with articular cartilage. Note that muscle signal and cartilage signal are lower in B and C compared with A. This is likely due to magnetization transfer effects of 2D sequences.

View larger version (139K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 2B —25-year-old female volunteer. Coronal 3D fast spin-echo (FSE) extended echo-train acquisition (XETA) (TR/TEeff, 2,500/38) (A), coronal 2D FSE (TR/TEeff, 4,000/38) (B), and coronal 2D FRFSE (TR/TEeff, 2,500/38) (C) images at 1.5 T show fluid signal (arrows) is high compared with articular cartilage. Note that muscle signal and cartilage signal are lower in B and C compared with A. This is likely due to magnetization transfer effects of 2D sequences.

View larger version (136K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 2C —25-year-old female volunteer. Coronal 3D fast spin-echo (FSE) extended echo-train acquisition (XETA) (TR/TEeff, 2,500/38) (A), coronal 2D FSE (TR/TEeff, 4,000/38) (B), and coronal 2D FRFSE (TR/TEeff, 2,500/38) (C) images at 1.5 T show fluid signal (arrows) is high compared with articular cartilage. Note that muscle signal and cartilage signal are lower in B and C compared with A. This is likely due to magnetization transfer effects of 2D sequences.

View larger version (180K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 3A —35-year-old male volunteer. Three-dimensional fast spin-echo (FSE) extended echo-train acquisition (XETA) (TR/TEeff, 2,500/38) images at 3.0 T. Resolution was 0.6 mm isotropic. Coronal source image, (A), sagittal reformation image, (B), and axial reformation image (C) show excellent depiction of knee anatomy.

View larger version (189K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 3B —35-year-old male volunteer. Three-dimensional fast spin-echo (FSE) extended echo-train acquisition (XETA) (TR/TEeff, 2,500/38) images at 3.0 T. Resolution was 0.6 mm isotropic. Coronal source image, (A), sagittal reformation image, (B), and axial reformation image (C) show excellent depiction of knee anatomy.

View larger version (171K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 3C —35-year-old male volunteer. Three-dimensional fast spin-echo (FSE) extended echo-train acquisition (XETA) (TR/TEeff, 2,500/38) images at 3.0 T. Resolution was 0.6 mm isotropic. Coronal source image, (A), sagittal reformation image, (B), and axial reformation image (C) show excellent depiction of knee anatomy.

View larger version (136K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 4A —Images of 30-year-old male volunteer show comparison of axial reformations of 3D fast spin-echo (FSE) extended echo-train acquisition (XETA) (TR/TEeff, 2,500/38 with 2D FSE (TR/TEeff, 4,000/38). All images used fat suppression. Coronal source image of 3D FSE XETA at 1.5 T with 0.7-mm slice thickness.

View larger version (121K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 4B —Images of 30-year-old male volunteer show comparison of axial reformations of 3D fast spin-echo (FSE) extended echo-train acquisition (XETA) (TR/TEeff, 2,500/38 with 2D FSE (TR/TEeff, 4,000/38). All images used fat suppression. Axial 3D FSE XETA reformation with 0.7-mm slice thickness.

View larger version (105K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 4C —Images of 30-year-old male volunteer show comparison of axial reformations of 3D fast spin-echo (FSE) extended echo-train acquisition (XETA) (TR/TEeff, 2,500/38 with 2D FSE (TR/TEeff, 4,000/38). All images used fat suppression. Axial 3D FSE XETA reformation with four slices averaged to a 3-mm slice thickness.

View larger version (138K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 4D —Images of 30-year-old male volunteer show comparison of axial reformations of 3D fast spin-echo (FSE) extended echo-train acquisition (XETA) (TR/TEeff, 2,500/38 with 2D FSE (TR/TEeff, 4,000/38). All images used fat suppression. Axial 2D FSE image with 3-mm slice thickness.

View larger version (133K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 4E —Images of 30-year-old male volunteer show comparison of axial reformations of 3D fast spin-echo (FSE) extended echo-train acquisition (XETA) (TR/TEeff, 2,500/38 with 2D FSE (TR/TEeff, 4,000/38). All images used fat suppression. Axial reformation from coronal 2D FSE acquisition shows poor image quality due to relatively thick slices and slice gaps.

View larger version (174K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 5A —27-year-old man with meniscal tear. Coronal 2D fast spin-echo (FSE) image (TR/TEeff, 4,000/38) shows tear (arrow).

View larger version (189K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 5B —27-year-old man with meniscal tear. Coronal 3D FSE extended echo-train acquisition (XETA) image (TR/TEeff, 2,500/38). Tear (arrow) was visible on two images of 2D FSE acquisition and 12 of coronal 3D FSE XETA images.

View larger version (64K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 5C —27-year-old man with meniscal tear. Sagittal reformation of 3D FSE XETA data set shows tear (arrow).

View larger version (94K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 6A —31-year-old male volunteer. Images show use of isotropic resolution to define anatomy. Axial (A) and oblique sagittal (B) reformations of 3D fast spin-echo (FSE) extended echo-train acquisition (XETA) (TR/TEeff, 2,500/38). Red line in A shows plane of oblique sagittal reformation in B.

View larger version (115K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 6B —31-year-old male volunteer. Images show use of isotropic resolution to define anatomy. Axial (A) and oblique sagittal (B) reformations of 3D fast spin-echo (FSE) extended echo-train acquisition (XETA) (TR/TEeff, 2,500/38). Red line in A shows plane of oblique sagittal reformation in B.

View larger version (169K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 6C —31-year-old male volunteer. Images show use of isotropic resolution to define anatomy. Oblique coronal reformation, plane of which is shown by blue lines in A and B. This image shows attachment of Wrisberg's ligament to posterior horn of lateral meniscus (arrow).

View larger version (128K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 7A —T1-weighted images of knee in 30-year-old male volunteer using 3D fast spin-echo (FSE) extended echotrain acquisition (XETA) (TR/TEeff, 800/24) at 1.5 T. Coronal source image with 0.7 mm isotropic resolution (A) and sagittal reformation (B) show relative T1-weighting.

View larger version (142K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 7B —T1-weighted images of knee in 30-year-old male volunteer using 3D fast spin-echo (FSE) extended echotrain acquisition (XETA) (TR/TEeff, 800/24) at 1.5 T. Coronal source image with 0.7 mm isotropic resolution (A) and sagittal reformation (B) show relative T1-weighting.

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