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MRI and Multinuclear MR Spectroscopy of 3,200-Year-Old Egyptian Mummy Brain

Stephen J. Karlik1, Robert Bartha2, Karen Kennedy1 and Rethy Chhem1

1 Paleoradiology Research Unit, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Center, University Hospital, 339 Windermere Rd., London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada.
2 Imaging Research Laboratory, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1 —Photograph of brain specimen from teenage boy who lived in XX Egyptian Dynasty.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2 —Coronal views of two hemispheres obtained at 1.5-T using fast spoiled gradient-recalled sequence, two 3-inch (7.62-cm) coils, and phased-array combiner. Brain has heterogeneous appearance with internal laminar structure and internal pockets with low signal intensity.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3 —Axial images of mummy brain hemispheres obtained at 1.5 T show variable signal intensity, irregular pockets of low signal intensity, and complex internal structure.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4 —Localized 2D stimulated echo acquisition mode proton spectrum (1.5 T) of intact mummy brain hemispheres (upper panel) and saline phantom (lower panel) obtained without water suppression. Circular saline phantom can be clearly seen in inset and its signal is at 4.7 ppm in both spectra. Two additional large peaks appear adjacent to water at 4.31 and 4.86 ppm with small shoulders at 3.64 and 5.23 ppm.

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5A —Solochrome cyanin R-, H and E- and Bielschowsky method silver-stained sections of rehydrated right temporal tissue dissected from mummy brain. (All micrographs x400) Solochrome cyanin R staining. Tissue appears uniform in solochrome cyanin R sections (A) except for occasional lacunar areas showing pale staining (arrows, B and C).

 

Figure 6
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  		Fig. 5B —Solochrome cyanin R-, H and E- and Bielschowsky method silver-stained sections of rehydrated right temporal tissue dissected from mummy brain. (All micrographs x400) Solochrome cyanin R staining. Tissue appears uniform in solochrome cyanin R sections (A) except for occasional lacunar areas showing pale staining (arrows, B and C).

 

Figure 7
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  		Fig. 5C —Solochrome cyanin R-, H and E- and Bielschowsky method silver-stained sections of rehydrated right temporal tissue dissected from mummy brain. (All micrographs x400) Solochrome cyanin R staining. Tissue appears uniform in solochrome cyanin R sections (A) except for occasional lacunar areas showing pale staining (arrows, B and C).

 

Figure 8
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  		Fig. 5D —Solochrome cyanin R-, H and E- and Bielschowsky method silver-stained sections of rehydrated right temporal tissue dissected from mummy brain. (All micrographs x400) Structures in H and E-stained sections (arrows) appear linear in nature and appear to line some of tissue holes. Rest of tissue was uniformly stained.

 

Figure 9
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  		Fig. 5E —Solochrome cyanin R-, H and E- and Bielschowsky method silver-stained sections of rehydrated right temporal tissue dissected from mummy brain. (All micrographs x400) Structures in H and E-stained sections (arrows) appear linear in nature and appear to line some of tissue holes. Rest of tissue was uniformly stained.

 

Figure 10
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  		Fig. 5F —Solochrome cyanin R-, H and E- and Bielschowsky method silver-stained sections of rehydrated right temporal tissue dissected from mummy brain. (All micrographs x400) Structures in H and E-stained sections (arrows) appear linear in nature and appear to line some of tissue holes. Rest of tissue was uniformly stained.

 

Figure 11
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  		Fig. 5G —Solochrome cyanin R-, H and E- and Bielschowsky method silver-stained sections of rehydrated right temporal tissue dissected from mummy brain. (All micrographs x400) Bielschowsky method-stained sections also show dense deposits outlining margins of some holes in tissue (G) with substantial deposits of granular material throughout tissue (H).

 

Figure 12
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  		Fig. 5H —Solochrome cyanin R-, H and E- and Bielschowsky method silver-stained sections of rehydrated right temporal tissue dissected from mummy brain. (All micrographs x400) Bielschowsky method-stained sections also show dense deposits outlining margins of some holes in tissue (G) with substantial deposits of granular material throughout tissue (H).

 

Figure 13
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  		Fig. 6 —Upper panel shows 23Na spectrum obtained at 4 T of intact specimens. There is single broad resonance with linewidth of 50 ppm. Lower panel is identical acquisition without brain in coil.

 

Figure 14
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  		Fig. 7 —Proton-coupled 31P spectrum obtained at 14 T from deuterium oxide extract of temporal brain shows single resonance at 0.9 ppm with linewidth of 20 Hz. Inset shows spectrum from -3 to 3 ppm.

 

Figure 15
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  		Fig. 8 —Proton spectrum at 14 T of deuterated chloroform extract of temporal brain divided into 0.5- to 2.5-ppm and 4.0- to 7.5-ppm sections.

 

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