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Radiation Dose Reduction in Chest CT: A Review

Takeshi Kubo1,2, Pei-Jan Paul Lin1, Wolfram Stiller3, Masaya Takahashi1, Hans-Ulrich Kauczor4, Yoshiharu Ohno5 and Hiroto Hatabu6

1 Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.
2 Present address: Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
3 Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
4 Department of Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
5 Department of Radiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
6 Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115.


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1A —62-year-old man with pleural effusion. Standard-dose (A, 150 mA) and reduced-dose (B, 50 mA) CT images at same level. In 50-mA image, increased mottles and black streaks over mediastinum and soft tissues on right lung are noticeable. SD of CT attenuation in region of interest measured on ascending aorta (20 x 20 pixels) was 8.3 H for 150-mA image and 13.9 H for 50-mAs image.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 1B —62-year-old man with pleural effusion. Standard-dose (A, 150 mA) and reduced-dose (B, 50 mA) CT images at same level. In 50-mA image, increased mottles and black streaks over mediastinum and soft tissues on right lung are noticeable. SD of CT attenuation in region of interest measured on ascending aorta (20 x 20 pixels) was 8.3 H for 150-mA image and 13.9 H for 50-mAs image.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 2 —Effect of helical pitch on radiation dose. A and B, Schematic presentations of scanning with standard (A) and high-pitch (x2) (B) protocols. Total scanning time (i.e., exposure time) for high-pitch protocol is half that of standard protocol. Consequently, total radiation dose will be halved in high-pitch protocol and tube current will be kept constant.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 3 —Functions of automatic exposure control. A, Exposure adjustment to overall size of patient's body. B, Modulation of z-axis: tube current occurs between rotations as patient couch moves. C, In angular modulation, tube current is modulated during one tube rotation to account for attenuation inconsistencies at different angles of gantry rotation. {theta} = location of X-ray tube in gantry measured as angle from arbitrary place.

 

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