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Gestalt Theory: Implications for Radiology Education

¹ Both authors: Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Barnhill Dr., Rm. 1053, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5200.

View larger version (6K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 1 —Necker cube. In this cube drawn without crucial spatial and depth clues, an observer may perceive his or her vantage point to be either above or below the cube.

View larger version (4K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 2 —Principle of closure. The human mind will fill in gaps in incomplete image to create a unified figure, thus allowing an observer to perceive these objects as a rectangle, a triangle, and a circle rather than strict perception of their true forms.

View larger version (10K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 3 —Principle of proximity. Objects that are physically near each other tend to be perceived as belonging in a group rather than as individual objects, thus allowing observer to perceive this image as three groups of four circles rather than 12 independent circles.

View larger version (6K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 4 —Principle of similarity. Objects that bear a similar resemblance tend to be perceived as belonging in a group. In this case, an observer readily perceives five columns of black squares and five columns of white squares rather than four rows containing black and white squares.

View larger version (4K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 5 —Principle of common region. Objects that are enclosed within common region are likely to be perceived as belonging in a group, regardless of similarity or nearness of constituent objects. In this case, unrelated objects are perceived as belonging to a group because they are confined in a common structure, whereas similar objects outside this structure are not perceived as belonging with their mates.

View larger version (4K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 6 —Principle of continuity. Visual stimuli consisting of smooth, uninterrupted lines can be perceived more effortlessly than interrupted lines. In this case, lines AB and CD are more easily perceived than lines AC, AD, BC, or BD.

View larger version (8K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 7 —Principle of symmetry. Symmetric objects or stimuli tend to be perceived as belonging to a group regardless of their proximity to one another. In this case, the observer will perceive both the brackets and the triangles as belonging with their mirror image because of principle of the symmetry. Crescent and hexagon form asymmetric image; therefore, they are not perceived as belonging together.

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