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Radiofrequency Identification Tags for Preoperative Tumor Localization: Proof of Concept

¹ University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
² Health Beacons, Inc., Seattle, WA.
³ Department of Radiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.

View larger version (92K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 1A —Photographs show radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags (VeriMed, VeriChip) and device (TagFinder, Health Beacons). Photograph shows two RFID tags (lengths, 8 and 12 mm). Tags can be placed in target tissues using 12-gauge syringe-like coaxial delivery system.

View larger version (77K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 1B —Photographs show radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags (VeriMed, VeriChip) and device (TagFinder, Health Beacons). Photograph shows handheld TagFinder LCD display (black arrow) shows distance between detector element (straight white arrow) and nearest end of tag. Read button (curved white arrow) causes LCD to display tag's unique identification number, eliminating false-positive readings and allowing neighboring tags to be distinguished.

View larger version (93K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 2A —Two versions of handheld TagFinder (Health Beacons). Loop probe (black arrow) or pencil probe (white arrow) can be attached to reader.

View larger version (92K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 2B —Two versions of handheld TagFinder (Health Beacons). Loop probe is permanently attached to reader, but pencil probe with extension (arrow) can be attached and takes precedence. Loop probe detects tags at depths of 0–6 cm, and pencil probe is effective at distances of 0–3 cm.

View larger version (4K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 3 —Illustration shows signal strength on radiofrequency identification (RFID) reader while passing over tag positioned perpendicularly (Tag 1) and horizontally (Tag 2).

View larger version (117K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 4A —Breast phantoms used for radiofrequency identification (RFID) tag depth detection testing. Opaque sonography breast phantom.

View larger version (112K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 4B —Breast phantoms used for radiofrequency identification (RFID) tag depth detection testing. Gelatin with implanted RFID tags at insertion depths of 2 cm (i), 3 cm (ii), and 1 cm (iii).

View larger version (64K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 5A —Placement of radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags (VeriMed, VeriChip). Photograph shows grocery store–bought hotdog next to ruler and two 8-mm RFID tags. Scale is millimeters.

View larger version (57K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 5B —Placement of radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags (VeriMed, VeriChip). Photograph shows hotdog after tags (arrows) have been inserted, vertical orientation. Scale is millimeters.

View larger version (56K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 5C —Placement of radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags (VeriMed, VeriChip). Photograph shows hotdog turned over after tag placement. Scale is millimeters.

View larger version (106K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 5D —Placement of radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags (VeriMed, VeriChip). RFID reader (TagFinder, Health Beacons) is positioned to find tags. Scale is millimeters.

View larger version (94K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 6A —Photographs show pencil-probe radiofrequency identification (RFID) reader attachment (TagFinder, Health Beacons) approaching RFID tags. Scale is millimeters. Pencil probe approaches ends of two parallel RFID tags in store-bought hotdog. Parallel tags greater than 0.5 cm apart can be differentiated using RFID reader.

View larger version (89K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 6B —Photographs show pencil-probe radiofrequency identification (RFID) reader attachment (TagFinder, Health Beacons) approaching RFID tags. Scale is millimeters. Pencil probe approaches opposite ends of two RFID tags touching end-to-end. RFID reader can successfully differentiate tags.

View larger version (58K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 7A —Radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags (VeriMed, VeriChip) in silicone phantom. Digital mammogram of silicone phantom shows 12-mm RFID tag (VeriMed).

View larger version (140K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 7B —Radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags (VeriMed, VeriChip) in silicone phantom. Sonogram shows RFID tag being injected (arrow) along margin of phantom nodule (Breast Ultrasound Phantom, Blue Phantom). Tags could potentially be used to mark tumor margins and bracket lesions.

View larger version (78K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 7C —Radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags (VeriMed, VeriChip) in silicone phantom. Gradient-echo MR image obtained on 1.5-T unit of phantom with embedded 12-mm RFID tag. Note low-signal-intensity artifact.

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