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Original Report |
1 Department of Radiology, Cappagh National Orthopaedic Hospital, Finglas,
Dublin 11, Ireland.
2 Department of Radiology, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Eccles St., Dublin 7,
Ireland.
Received October 11, 2001;
accepted after revision March 21, 2002.
Address correspondence to M. J. O'Connell.
Abstract
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CONCLUSION. Symphyseal cleft injection is a useful technique for the diagnosis and treatment of osteitis pubis in athletes. The procedure is well tolerated and may facilitate early resumption of competitive duties.
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Diagnostic Criteria
The radiographic criteria for the diagnosis of osteitis pubis were
visualization of an articular surface irregularity, erosion, sclerosis, and
osteophyte formation. Symphyseal joint laxity or disruption was diagnosed in
patients with widening of the joint space of more than 7 mm and malalignment
of the upper margins of the superior pubic rami of more than 2 mm on flamingo
views [2]. Scintigraphy was
performed in three phases after the injection of 17-20 mCi (629-740 MBq) of
99mTc-methylene diphosphonate using a high-performance collimator
and camera (ADAC Laboratories, Milpitas, CA). Imaging was performed at 1 min
and at 2 hr to 500,000 counts.
Scintigraphic criteria for the diagnosis of osteitis pubis were focal accumulation of radionuclide at or adjacent to the symphysis pubis on delayed scans. Radionuclide uptake was graded as normal, moderately increased, or markedly increased with reference to the adjacent neck of the femur.
MR imaging was performed on a 1.5-T scanner (Gyroscan Interna; Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands) using a phased array pelvic coil. The following sequences were performed: coronal turbo spin-echo T1-weighted (TR/TE, 620/20; low—high mapping), axial turbo spin-echo T2-weighted (TR/effective TE, 2000/80; linear mapping), and coronal turbo short tau inversion recovery (TR/effective TE, 2000/20; inversion time, 160 msec; linear mapping). The slice thickness was 4 mm, and the field of view was 25 cm. The MR imaging criteria for the diagnosis of osteitis pubis were visualization of an articular surface irregularity on coronal T1-weighted images (Fig. 1) and axial T2-weighted images (Fig. 2) and paraarticular marrow edema on fat-suppressed coronal images (Fig. 3).
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Symphyseal Cleft Injection (Symphysography)
In each patient, we performed symphysography with fluoroscopic guidance
using an aseptic protocol. After cutaneous injection of 2 mL of 1% lignocaine,
a 22-gauge needle was introduced into the symphyseal cleft midway between the
upper and lower margins of the symphysis. Once the needle reached the outer
margin of the joint, we advanced the needle 1 cm farther into the cleft of the
fibrocartilaginous disk. In each patient, disk entry simulated the puncture of
soft cheese, similar to intervertebral disk puncture at diskography. After
positioning the needle, we injected 1 mL of nonionic contrast material into
the symphyseal cleft to confirm the needle's position, show the morphology of
the disk, and potentially provoke symptoms
(Fig. 4). A single
anteroposterior radiograph recorded the appearance of the disk. Subsequently,
an aqueous suspension composed of 20 mg of methyprednisolone acetate and 1 mL
of 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride local analgesic was injected into the cleft
in patients with confirmed osteitis pubis.
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Image Interpretation
Two experienced radiologists reviewed the images during a single session.
Discrepancies between their interpretations were resolved by consensus.
Patient Follow-Up
Patients were mobilized immediately after the procedure and were discharged
from the hospital the same day as the procedure. During office visits at 2
weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after the procedure, clinical symptoms were
noted and symptom provocation was tested.
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Of the 10 patients who underwent scintigraphy, evidence of moderately increased uptake of isotope at the symphysis or in the parasymphyseal bones was seen in four patients and markedly increased uptake was seen in six patients (Fig. 8). Uptake was predominantly unilateral in one patient and was bilateral and symmetric in the remaining patients. Uptake consistent with adjacent adductor avulsion injury was identified unilaterally (n = 3) or bilaterally (n = 1) in four patients.
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Of the remaining six patients, MR imaging findings included symmetric marrow edema (n = 5) (Fig. 3), asymmetric marrow edema (n = 1), posterior symphyseal disk extrusion (n = 6) (Fig. 2), superior symphyseal disk extrusion (n = 2), unilateral adductor avulsion (n = 2), and bilateral adductor avulsion (n = 1). None of the patients had fluid in the symphyseal cleft, and one patient had paraarticular fluid.
Simple puncture of the fibrocartilaginous disk caused groin pain before injection of the contrast material in 10 patients. Injection of contrast material resulted in groin pain in the remaining six patients. In 12 (75%) of the 16 patients, the contrast material revealed the loss of disk morphology by extending either above or below the symphyseal margins. In four patients, extravasation of contrast material to eroded bone defects along the lateral and inferior margins of the joint was seen. This finding was caused by the loss of disk morphology and is associated with chronic avulsion of the adjacent adductor longus or gracilis muscles (Fig. 5). Two patients had evidence of lymphatic or venous intravasation thought to be caused by hypervascularity associated with severe inflammatory osteitis pubis (Fig. 6).
Fourteen (87.5%) of the 16 patients experienced immediate relief of some of the symptoms and were able to resume sporting activities 48 hr after the procedure. Of the remaining two patients, one patient had complete resolution of symptoms, with rest, at the 6-month follow-up. The second patient had continuing symptoms. At the office assessment 2 weeks after the procedure, 10 patients (62.5%) reported some persistent, significant pain relief. Two additional patients had no symptoms, but they had pain on provocation maneuvers at clinical examination. Both of these patients had similar findings at the 6-month follow-up. Of the remaining two patients, one had symptom resolution, with rest, at the 6-month follow-up.
At the office assessment 2 months after the procedure, five (31.2%) of the 16 patients were completely symptom-free. All five patients remained symptom-free at 6 months. One patient with joint disruption had continuing pain and was referred for assessment as a candidate for surgical fusion of the symphyseal joint. Another patient, a professional athlete, was relieved of symptoms for 2 weeks, which facilitated involvement in an important sporting event. This patient subsequently underwent two injections of bupivacaine only twice over a 6-month period. Each injection led to symptom relief of approximately 2 weeks' duration. Two of the remaining three patients were symptom-free 6 months after undergoing the procedure, resting, and conservative measures. In total, at 6 months, symptoms persisted in five patients, and two patients had symptoms on provocation maneuvers. However, for all patients, symptoms were less severe at the 6-month follow-up assessment than at initial presentation. During the same time period, four patients had symptom relief from resting and conservative measures that could not be attributed directly to the symphyseal cleft injection. Each of these patients resumed sporting activities once symptoms resolved. There were no procedure-related complications.
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Osteitis pubis, or inflammation of the symphysis pubis, is a painful condition occurring as a result of either impaction trauma or primary inflammation. Trauma-related osteitis pubis accounts for most cases. During pregnancy, ligamentous laxity allows increased motion at the symphysis with associated impaction of articular surfaces. Multiparity allows repetitive insult with repeated distraction of articular surfaces, disruption of the symphyseal disk, and impaction of the hyaline cartilage overlying the articular surfaces. In a similar way, repeated strain and ligamentous stretching during sports may lead to symphyseal laxity with similar impaction of articular surfaces. Sports-related injury of the symphysis pubis is frequently associated with recurrent stretching and tearing of the stabilizing anterior ligaments and adductor muscles; therefore, osteitis pubis in these individuals is associated with periostitis and osseous resorbtion or osteolysis along the symphyseal margin of the inferior pubic ramus [1]. Inflammatory osteitis pubis is uncommon and occurs because of enthesitis or inflammation with bone resorbtion and periostitis at the insertions of the pubic symphyseal ligaments. This form occurs specifically in patients with HLA B27-related spondyloarthropathy [4], but erosions have been identified in rheumatoid arthritis [5]. Occasionally, infection may seed the symphysis pubis and produce secondary inflammatory osteitis. This finding has been described in athletes, but it is mostly seen in elderly patients who have undergone bladder or prostate surgery. Staphylococcus aureus is the most commonly implicated organism in spontaneous infection [6]. Aspiration of the symphyseal cleft enables the diagnosis of joint infection.
On conventional radiographs, osteitis pubis appears as a mild to severe bilateral subchondral irregularity with focal areas of demineralization. Subchondral cysts and erosions may be identified. A bone scan obtained after administration of an isotope often depicts a focal concentration of radionuclide that is parallel to the articular surfaces. This finding reflects the articular impaction and induced paraarticular sclerosis that are associated with osteoblastic activity. On radiographs, hypermobility or disruption of the joint may be elicited and revealed on flamingo views.
At MR imaging, the features of osteitis pubis range from alteration of the width of the joint space with articular surface irregularity to paraarticular marrow edema that may be diffuse, reflecting impaction forces with subarticular microtrabecular trauma. Marrow changes follow a pattern that is similar to the changes seen in the vertebral endplates in patients with degenerative disease of the spine. Multiplanar imaging allows detection of articular surface stepoff in either the superoinferior or anteroposterior plane. In addition, extrusions of the symphyseal disk, occurring most frequently posteriorly or superiorly, can be identified [3]. The significance of symphyseal disk extrusion is poorly understood because it can be asymptomatic, particularly in elderly patients in whom it is often an incidental finding at MR imaging. Fluid in the symphyseal cleft is uncommon and is mostly seen in patients with degenerative changes. However, when identified, the presence of fluid should raise suspicion for an underlying infection. MR imaging also has the potential to identify stress fractures, seen in the pubic rami in long-distance runners, or stress injuries to the sacrum that are associated with injury to the pubic symphysis [7].
Athletes may have multiple coexistent causes of groin pain. The prime differential diagnoses of pain in this group are muscular avulsion, groin hernia, nerve entrapment, and iliopsoas bursitis [8,9,10]. Symphyseal cleft injection can reveal that osteitis pubis is the cause of symptoms, similar to the use of diskography in the lumbar spine to diagnose discogenic pain. This clinical information is important because a group of researchers found that when edema was seen in the pubic bones, indicating osteitis pubis or muscular avulsion, another cause of groin pain was always identified [7]. Some physicians have used symphyseal injection of steroid and local analgesic without imaging guidance as a diagnostic test to show symptom relief [11]. In some patients, puncturing the fibrocartilaginous disk can be technically difficult because the joint space is narrow. In addition, the symphyseal cleft is a small structure with a capacity of 1.0-1.5 mL of fluid, as shown in this study; therefore, the accuracy of the injection is important. Lack of imaging guidance may lead to a periarticular injection and to diagnostic inaccuracy because antiinflammatory and analgesic agents may act on an adjacent muscle that is avulsed or may reduce neuralgia associated with an adjacent hernia or nerve entrapment.
The patient cohort in this study was skewed, consisting entirely of elite athletes. We cannot exclude the possibility of a placebo effect in the patients who received short-term symptom relief. For ethical reasons, study of the disk morphology of a control group of asymptomatic patients with radiographic changes indicative of osteitis pubis was not possible. Despite the use of imaging guidance and the injection of a low volume of material, minimal extrusion of contrast material and, hence, of steroid and local analgesic into the adjacent soft tissue occurred frequently. This may have added benefit in blocking the nerve supply to the joint, similar to the use of periarticular injection in lumbar facet joints, although excessive periarticular injection may lead to diagnostic inaccuracy as discussed earlier. Injection of a steroid and local analgesic may achieve a cure in self-limited osteitis pubis, but in patients with joint disruption this treatment is unlikely to offer long-term benefits. In patients with joint disruption, joint fusion with bone grafting and plating may be indicated if symptoms are chronic and severe [2]. Debate continues about whether this process is primarily an inflammatory process or a degenerative one, possibly related to joint instability [2]; hence, the role of corticosteroid injection in the treatment of patients with this condition is controversial [11]. However, in athletes, cleft injection can enable an objective diagnosis and short-term symptom relief that facilitates involvement in sporting events.
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