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Fig. 1. —Diagram shows experimental setup. Ex vivo liver specimen is placed on conductive grounding pad. Triple-cluster electrode is inserted perpendicular (a) and parallel (b) to grounding pad. Surgical clips are positioned in plane perpendicular to radiofrequency electrode at predefined locations. In this diagram, torus is placed on liver surface and symbolizes 20-mm radius from point of insertion. Additional clips are positioned within torus at 10 mm from point of insertion as well as outside torus, thus representing clip at 30 mm. In third arrangement (c), radiofrequency thermal ablation electrode is inserted parallel to grounding pad, whereas surgical clip plane represented by torus is now parallel and anterior to radiofrequency electrode track at predefined distance of 15 mm, with clips arranged in same configuration as in (a) and (b).

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