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Fig. 1. —36-year-old man with L4 radiculopathy undergoing L4–L5 diskography. Oblique fluoroscopy image of random needle placement shows X-ray tube angled 25–35° laterally to medially. This image depicts pedicle (P), superior articular facet (F), and lateral margin of intervertebral disks. Needle entry zone is box with vertical sides formed by line joining lateral margin of disk (x) and line along lateral margins of pedicle (y), and horizontal sides formed by superior (a) and inferior (b) endplates. Shaded box is needle entry zone for superior placement; needle (arrowhead) placement in this patient is inferior.

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