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Fig. 4A. Typical growth patterns of primary jugular foramen
meningioma, paraganglioma, and schwannoma. (Reprinted with permission from
[10]) Drawing shows primary
jugular foramen meningioma with centrifugal infiltration surrounding skull
base including lateral spread into hypotympanum, medial spread into jugular
tubercle and hypoglossal canal, inferior involvement of carotid space, and
dural-based involvement of posterior fossa.