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Real-Time Sonoelastography of Lateral Epicondylitis: Comparison of Findings Between Patients and Healthy Volunteers

¹ Department of Radiology II, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
² Department of Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
³ Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.

Received October 28, 2008; accepted after revision January 2, 2009.

 
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Address correspondence to A. S. Klauser (andrea.klauser{at}i-med.ac.at).

Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate real-time sonoelastography in the assessment of the origins the common extensor tendon in healthy volunteers and in patients with symptoms of lateral epicondylitis. The findings were compared with those obtained at clinical examination, ultrasonography, and power Doppler sonography.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Thirty-eight elbows of 32 consecutively registered patients with symptoms of lateral epicondylitis and 44 asymptomatic elbows of 28 healthy volunteers were assessed with ultrasound and real-time sonoelastography. A clinical examination was performed, and pain was classified with a visual analog scale.

RESULTS. In healthy volunteers, real-time sonoelastographic images showed hard tendon structures in 96% of tendon thirds and mild alterations in 4%. Real-time sonoelastography of patients showed hard structures in 33% of tendon thirds but softening of different grades in 67%, a statistically significant difference in relation to the findings in healthy volunteers (p < 0.001). Lateral collateral ligament involvement and overlying fascial involvement were more commonly detected with real-time sonoelastography. The sensitivity of real-time sonoelastography was 100%, the specificity 89%, and the accuracy 94% with clinical examination as the reference standard. Good correlation with ultrasound findings was found (r 0.900). No correlation was observed between ultrasound or real-time sonoelastographic findings and power Doppler sonographic findings, but power Doppler sonographic findings had a strong correlation with the visual analog scale score.

CONCLUSION. Real-time sonoelastography is valuable in the detection of the intratendinous and peritendinous alterations of lateral epicondylitis and facilitates differentiation between healthy and symptomatic extensor tendon origins with excellent sensitivity and excellent correlation with ultrasound findings.

Keywords: elastography • elbow • enthesis • hypervascularity • lateral epicondylitis • power Doppler ultrasound • overuse • real-time sonoelastography • sonography • tendinosis • tennis elbow • ultrasound

Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 
The diagnosis of lateral epicondylitis, known as tennis elbow, is commonly based on clinical findings. However, imaging such as conventional sonography and MRI of the origin of the common extensor tendons often is used to confirm the diagnosis. Furthermore, imaging findings provide information about the severity of disease and differential diagnosis [1, 2]. MRI has been found more sensitive than ultrasound with a 5- to 10-MHz transducer in the detection of signs of lateral epicondylitis [3]. Ultrasound studies have shown sensitivities ranging between 72% and 88% and specificities ranging between 36% and 48.5% in comparison with clinical findings [1]. Tendon compressibility and compressibility of intratendinous vessels have been postulated as helpful diagnostic criteria in the sonographic assessment of lateral epicondylitis [4].

The aim of this study was to evaluate tendon compressibility with real-time sonoelastography, which has been found to add information in the diagnostic evaluation of cancer through the assessment of tissue elasticity [5-8]. Elastography was first described by Ophir et al. in [9] 1991, and in 1999, Pesavento et al. [10] developed a fast cross-sectional technique based on real-time elastographic imaging. The principle of real-time sonoelastography is that tissue compression produces strain (displacement) within tissue and that the strain is less in hard tissue than in soft tissue [11]. Preliminary results in the evaluation of Achilles tendinopathy showed that healthy tendons were characterized by harder tissue than were diseased tendons, which exhibited a softer tissue spectrum at real-time sonoelastography (De Zordo T et al., presented at the 2007 annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America). Our specific goal was to evaluate real-time sonoelastography in the assessment of common extensor tendon origins in healthy volunteers and in patients with a clinically confirmed diagnosis of lateral epicondylitis. Correlation analysis of real-time sonoelastographic findings with the clinical examination, ultrasound, and power Doppler ultrasound findings was performed.

Subjects and Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 
The study was approved by the institutional review board, and informed oral and written consent was obtained from all patients and healthy volunteers. A prospective analysis with ultra sound and real-time sonoelastography was per formed on 38 elbows of 32 consecutively enrolled patients (six patients underwent imaging of both elbows) with clinical symptoms of lateral epicondylitis (10 men, 22 women; mean age, 52.6 years; range, 38-70 years). In addition, 44 asymptomatic elbows (16 subjects, both elbows) of 28 healthy volunteers (11 men, 17 women; mean age, 43.6 years; range, 24-89 years) were assessed. The healthy volunteers underwent a clinical examination to exclude lateral epicondylitis. Further exclusion criteria for participation of healthy volunteers were a history of tendon rupture or systemic in flammatory disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis and hypercholesterolemia. Clinical assessment included evaluation of local tenderness directly over the lateral epicondyle, evaluation of pain aggravation during resisted wrist extension and radial devi ation, and evaluation of decreased grip strength. Subjective pain was recorded with a visual analog scale (score, 0-100).

Imaging
The healthy volunteers and patients with lateral epicondylitis underwent a routine ultrasound scan, including power Doppler ultrasound (MyLab 90 scanner, Esaote) with a linear-array transducer (LA 435, Esaote) at a frequency of 6-18 MHz. A radiologist with 6 years' experience in musculoskeletal ultrasound who was blinded to the clinical examination findings performed the examination. After the initial routine ultrasound scan, patients and healthy volunteers underwent an additional ultrasound examination with a real-time sono elastographic scanner (EUB 9000, EUP-L54M, Hitachi Medical) at a frequency range of 6-13 MHz. Real-time sonoelastography was performed by a radiologist with 3 years of experience in musculoskeletal ultrasound who was blinded to the ultrasound, power Doppler ultrasound, and clinical examination findings. Real-time sonoelastographic and ultrasound images were graded independently after 3 months by both radiologists in consensus who were unaware of the clinical results.

The lateral aspect of the elbow was examined with thumbs up and the elbow in 90° flexion. Care was taken to allow a comfortable and relaxed position so that tension on the tendon was avoided. To improve transducer coupling, a generous amount of contact gel was placed on the skin over the tendon, and an additional acoustic standoff pad (Sonar Aid, Geistlich Pharma) was used. The transducer was positioned parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tendon to avoid anisotropy. Sonography, power Doppler ultrasound, and real-time sonoelastographic examinations were performed within 1 hour on the same day to avoid possible changes over time, exercise, and therapeutic intervention.

Calculation of tissue elasticity distribution at real-time sonoelastography was performed in real time (up to 30 frames/s), and the examination results were represented in color over the conventional ultrasound image. The force applied to the tendon was adjusted appropriately according to the visual indicator seen on the video screen that showed optimal strain at the region of interest. Each real-time sonoelastographic scan was repeated by compression and relaxation of the scan area several times (at least three compression-decompression cycles) until the findings were confirmed to be reproducible. These representative images were sent to the local PACS and used for statistical evaluation.

According to the system of Connell et al. [12], tendon abnormalities were divided into three sections: the anterior, middle, and posterior fibers. At least three scans of each tendon third were performed. The extensor tendon origins were evaluated for the presence of focal lesions, including areas of degeneration and partial rupture, which were defined as hypoechoic areas at ultrasound, and as red to yellow (soft) areas at real-time sonoelastography. Focal lesions were counted to evaluate the dimension of focal lesions according to the following grading system: 0, no focal lesion or blue to green (hard) tendon; 1, one focal lesion; 2, two focal lesions; 3, more than two focal lesions. Alterations in the collateral lateral ligament and abnormalities of the overlying fascia were assessed. Collateral ligament involvement was defined as thickening of the humeroradial ligament with or without evidence of partial- or full-thickness rupture on ultrasound images [12] or as softening of the ligamentous structure at real-time sonoelastography. Involvement of the overlying fascia was diagnosed when ultrasound showed thickening of the peritendinous tissue layer but real-time sono elastography showed irregular elasticity changes in the form of distinct softening accompanied by softening of the underlying tendon.

Power Doppler ultrasound was used to assess whether intratendinous hyperemia, defined as color-flow signal in the extensor tendon origin, was present. Standardized settings (transmit power < 500 mW/cm², low-pass wall filter, medium persistence) were used and remained fixed throughout the study. These settings were chosen to maximize the sensitivity to low-velocity and low-volume blood flow. The power Doppler ultrasound gain was optimized with an increase in gain until noise appeared; then the gain was reduced slightly, only enough to suppress the noise (usually 60-70% gain). We applied the appropriate color velocity scale using the musculoskeletal program of our ultrasound unit. The window (color box) was restricted to the vascular area studied.

Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software (release 13.0, SPSS). Standard descriptive statistics were used to summarize characteristics of the patients and healthy volunteers, including median and SD for the continuous variables and counts and percentages for the categoric variables. Continuous variables were compared between patients and controls by use of the Mann-Whitney U test, and categorical variables by use of the Fisher exact test. Correlation of parameters was performed with Spearman's nonparametric correlation. Statistical significance was defined as two-sided p 0.05, and Bonferroni corrections were made for multiple comparisons when appropriate. After Bonferroni correction for three comparisons, a value of p < 0.01 was considered statistically significant. With clinical examination and pain as the reference standards, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated. Correlations of parameters were analyzed with Spearman's nonparametric correlation for ultrasound, real-time sono elastographic, power Doppler ultrasound, and clinical findings.

Healthy volunteers were sex-matched to patients (p = 0.643), but age matching was not possible (p < 0.001) because the healthy volunteer sample was from a younger population than the patient sample. To obtain relevant data, a new data sheet with a filter variable for age was created (only controls age 38 years and older were included). After that, the Mann-Whitney U test showed an asymptomatic significance of p = 0.349 for age; thus both groups were regarded as balanced for age. Diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated, and the results showed that the values were similar compared with the values previously calculated without matching for age, the difference being less than 2.9% (p > 0.01).

Results

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Among the patients, the median duration of symptoms was 9 ± 24.36 (SD) months (range, 6-120 months). Median pain strength was a visual analog scale score of 77.5 ± 31.44 (range, 10-100). In healthy volunteers, no symptomatic common extensor tendon origin was detected. The overall ultrasound and real-time sonoelastographic findings are shown in Table 1.

View larger version (64K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 1A —32-year-old healthy volunteer with normal extensor tendons. Longitudinal ultrasound (A, C, and E) and real-time sonoelastographic (B, D, and F) scans show normal anterior third (A and B), middle third (C and D), and posterior third (E and F) of common extensor tendon. Elasticity spectrum was between red, representing soft tissue, and blue, representing hard tissue. Ultrasound findings of normal tendons were those of hard tissue (stars) on real-time sonoelastographic images. Surrounding tissue can be appreciated as having soft structure but clearly discernible from tendon. Bony artifact shown as red areas inside bone are present on all real-time sonoelastographic images. r = radial head, lat. epi. = lateral epicondyle.

View larger version (49K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 1B —32-year-old healthy volunteer with normal extensor tendons. Longitudinal ultrasound (A, C, and E) and real-time sonoelastographic (B, D, and F) scans show normal anterior third (A and B), middle third (C and D), and posterior third (E and F) of common extensor tendon. Elasticity spectrum was between red, representing soft tissue, and blue, representing hard tissue. Ultrasound findings of normal tendons were those of hard tissue (stars) on real-time sonoelastographic images. Surrounding tissue can be appreciated as having soft structure but clearly discernible from tendon. Bony artifact shown as red areas inside bone are present on all real-time sonoelastographic images. r = radial head, lat. epi. = lateral epicondyle.

View larger version (64K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 1C —32-year-old healthy volunteer with normal extensor tendons. Longitudinal ultrasound (A, C, and E) and real-time sonoelastographic (B, D, and F) scans show normal anterior third (A and B), middle third (C and D), and posterior third (E and F) of common extensor tendon. Elasticity spectrum was between red, representing soft tissue, and blue, representing hard tissue. Ultrasound findings of normal tendons were those of hard tissue (stars) on real-time sonoelastographic images. Surrounding tissue can be appreciated as having soft structure but clearly discernible from tendon. Bony artifact shown as red areas inside bone are present on all real-time sonoelastographic images. r = radial head, lat. epi. = lateral epicondyle.

View larger version (52K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 1D —32-year-old healthy volunteer with normal extensor tendons. Longitudinal ultrasound (A, C, and E) and real-time sonoelastographic (B, D, and F) scans show normal anterior third (A and B), middle third (C and D), and posterior third (E and F) of common extensor tendon. Elasticity spectrum was between red, representing soft tissue, and blue, representing hard tissue. Ultrasound findings of normal tendons were those of hard tissue (stars) on real-time sonoelastographic images. Surrounding tissue can be appreciated as having soft structure but clearly discernible from tendon. Bony artifact shown as red areas inside bone are present on all real-time sonoelastographic images. r = radial head, lat. epi. = lateral epicondyle.

View larger version (57K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 1E —32-year-old healthy volunteer with normal extensor tendons. Longitudinal ultrasound (A, C, and E) and real-time sonoelastographic (B, D, and F) scans show normal anterior third (A and B), middle third (C and D), and posterior third (E and F) of common extensor tendon. Elasticity spectrum was between red, representing soft tissue, and blue, representing hard tissue. Ultrasound findings of normal tendons were those of hard tissue (stars) on real-time sonoelastographic images. Surrounding tissue can be appreciated as having soft structure but clearly discernible from tendon. Bony artifact shown as red areas inside bone are present on all real-time sonoelastographic images. r = radial head, lat. epi. = lateral epicondyle.

View larger version (48K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 1F —32-year-old healthy volunteer with normal extensor tendons. Longitudinal ultrasound (A, C, and E) and real-time sonoelastographic (B, D, and F) scans show normal anterior third (A and B), middle third (C and D), and posterior third (E and F) of common extensor tendon. Elasticity spectrum was between red, representing soft tissue, and blue, representing hard tissue. Ultrasound findings of normal tendons were those of hard tissue (stars) on real-time sonoelastographic images. Surrounding tissue can be appreciated as having soft structure but clearly discernible from tendon. Bony artifact shown as red areas inside bone are present on all real-time sonoelastographic images. r = radial head, lat. epi. = lateral epicondyle.

View larger version (73K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 2A —Findings in patients. All alterations (arrow) on ultrasound images (A, C, and E) appear as areas of softening on real-time sonoelastographic images (B, D, and F). All images are longitudinal scans. lat. epi. = lateral epicondyle, r = radial head. 41-year-old woman with intratendinous tendinopathy.

View larger version (54K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 2B —Findings in patients. All alterations (arrow) on ultrasound images (A, C, and E) appear as areas of softening on real-time sonoelastographic images (B, D, and F). All images are longitudinal scans. lat. epi. = lateral epicondyle, r = radial head. 41-year-old woman with intratendinous tendinopathy.

View larger version (68K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 2C —Findings in patients. All alterations (arrow) on ultrasound images (A, C, and E) appear as areas of softening on real-time sonoelastographic images (B, D, and F). All images are longitudinal scans. lat. epi. = lateral epicondyle, r = radial head. 27-year-old man with partial tear.

View larger version (55K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 2D —Findings in patients. All alterations (arrow) on ultrasound images (A, C, and E) appear as areas of softening on real-time sonoelastographic images (B, D, and F). All images are longitudinal scans. lat. epi. = lateral epicondyle, r = radial head. 27-year-old man with partial tear.

View larger version (58K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 2E —Findings in patients. All alterations (arrow) on ultrasound images (A, C, and E) appear as areas of softening on real-time sonoelastographic images (B, D, and F). All images are longitudinal scans. lat. epi. = lateral epicondyle, r = radial head. 47-year-old man with large area of tendinopathy and involvement of superficial structures.

View larger version (53K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 2F —Findings in patients. All alterations (arrow) on ultrasound images (A, C, and E) appear as areas of softening on real-time sonoelastographic images (B, D, and F). All images are longitudinal scans. lat. epi. = lateral epicondyle, r = radial head. 47-year-old man with large area of tendinopathy and involvement of superficial structures.

In healthy volunteers, ultrasound showed 96.3% (127/132) of tendon thirds were normal. One focal lesion was detected in the other 3.7% (5/132). In patients, ultrasound showed 36.0% (41/114) of tendon thirds were normal, 33.3% (38/114) had one focal lesion, 18.4% (21/114) had two focal lesions, and 12.3% (14/114) had more than two focal lesions.

In healthy volunteers, no involvement of the collateral ligament or of the overlying fascia was found. Symptomatic collateral ligament involvement was found in 10 elbows (26.3%) at real-time sonoelastography and in eight (21.1%) at ultrasound (Figs. 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D). Overlying fascial involvement was found at real-time sonoelastography in 11 (28.9%) and at ultrasound in five (13.2%) elbows with symptomatic abnormalities.

View larger version (52K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 3A —Comparison of normal and abnormal findings. r = radial head, lat. epi. = lateral epicondyle. 26-year-old healthy volunteer. Longitudinal ultrasound (A) and real-time sonoelastographic (B) images show radial collateral ligament (arrow). B shows hard ligamentous tissue and small area of softening at insertion of common extensor tendon.

View larger version (51K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 3B —Comparison of normal and abnormal findings. r = radial head, lat. epi. = lateral epicondyle. 26-year-old healthy volunteer. Longitudinal ultrasound (A) and real-time sonoelastographic (B) images show radial collateral ligament (arrow). B shows hard ligamentous tissue and small area of softening at insertion of common extensor tendon.

View larger version (68K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 3C —Comparison of normal and abnormal findings. r = radial head, lat. epi. = lateral epicondyle. 26-year-old woman with abnormal ligament. Longitudinal ultrasound scan (C) shows no alteration in radial collateral ligament (arrow), but real-time sonoelastographic image (D) shows ligament (arrow) is soft.

View larger version (54K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Fig. 3D —Comparison of normal and abnormal findings. r = radial head, lat. epi. = lateral epicondyle. 26-year-old woman with abnormal ligament. Longitudinal ultrasound scan (C) shows no alteration in radial collateral ligament (arrow), but real-time sonoelastographic image (D) shows ligament (arrow) is soft.

Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 
The cause of epicondylitis is considered to be repetitive microtrauma sustained during supination of the forearm and dorsiflexion of the wrist that results in tendon degeneration with rupture of individual collagen fibers that stimulates a reparative response [12, 13]. In chronic disease, a cycle of tendon degeneration and repair results in weakening of the common extensor origin and leads to risk of rupture [13]. With conventional ultrasound, it can be difficult or even impossible to differentiate tissue affected by degenerative disease from healthy tendon because damaged tissue often has the same echogenicity as the surrounding healthy tissue [6]. However, it is well known that inflammation and tumors cause changes in tissue elasticity [6]. Increased compressibility has been described [4] as a new ultrasound sign of lateral epicondylitis. Thus, estimation of tissue softening may be a useful tool for characterization of an intratendinous focal lesion or peritendinous involvement in patients with lateral epicondylitis.

In our study, healthy common extensor tendon origins were found to have harder tissue characteristics (grade 0) at real-time sonoelastography; only 3% of tendon thirds had mild alterations (grade 1). In tendon origins with symptomatic abnormalities, distinct focal lesions were detected with real-time sonoelastography and scored grade 1 in 34% of cases, grade 2 in 21%, and grade 3 in 11%. Accordingly, it can be presumed that lateral epicondylitis is associated with considerable softening of intratendinous tissue.

The histologic changes of lateral epicondylitis are described as collagen fibrillar degeneration, angiofibroblastic proliferation, tissue necrosis with myxoid and hyaline degeneration, and fibrosis [14]. These histopathologic alterations of lateral epicondylitis have been found to increase the compressibility of tissue at ultrasound [4] and may cause softening of tissue at real-time sonoelastography. However, no histopathologic analysis has been performed, to our knowledge, and further studies are needed.

The most common ultrasound finding of lateral epicondylitis is a focal area of low echogenicity corresponding to areas of collagen degeneration and intrasubstance fiber rupture that can fill with reparative granulation tissue [12], typically at the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon and less commonly at the anterior aspect of the extensor digitorum communis tendon [15]. In our study, slightly more focal lesions were found with real-time sonoelastography (81 lesions) than with ultrasound (78 lesions). Unlike Connell et al. [12], we found most changes in the middle part of the tendon (95% at real-time sonoelastography, 90% at ultrasound) and not in the anterior part (53% at real-time sonoelastography, 50% at ultrasound). However, both parts represent fibers of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon.

When focal areas enlarge and extend to the surface, partial rupture or even complete tears ensue [12]. Partial tears are thought to be less likely to respond to conservative treatment [16], but discrimination between focal areas of tendinopathy and partial tears can be difficult with ultrasound [1] and was not possible with real-time sonoelastography in our study. However, in all patients with partial ruptures detected with ultrasound, grade 3 alterations (more than two focal lesions) were identified with real-time sonoelastography. Therefore, high-grade alterations found at real-time sonoelastography should be addressed in follow-up studies.

Lateral collateral ligament injury is a common cause of therapeutic failure and should be routinely assessed with ultrasound [1]. In our study, more cases of ligament involvement were detected with real-time sonoelastography (26%) than with ultrasound (21%). These patients may need surgical therapy if conservative treatment fails. Follow-up studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Injections of corticosteroids are a known treatment of patients with lateral epicondylitis [17]. Although the exact healing mechanism is not known, corticosteroids are assumed to prevent spread of neovessels in the tendon substance and to loosen adhesions between peritendinous and tendinous tissue. Therefore, we investigated involvement of the overlying fascial structure. Real-time sonoelastography showed clear differentiation between tendon and fascial structures in healthy volunteers, but involvement of the common tendon and fascia was found in patients (11 of 38 elbows with symptomatic abnormalities). Whether these findings affect therapy is being addressed in additional studies. Furthermore, other treatment options, such as percutaneous needle tenotomy and platelet-enriched plasma injection, have shown great promise not only in eliminating pain but also in stimulating regeneration of tendon and adjacent soft tissue [18, 19]. Because of the great utility of ultrasound in direct guidance of injections at specific sites in tendinopathy, further studies should prove whether real-time sonoelastography can be used for follow-up examinations.

Levin et al. [1] found high sensitivity (72-88%) but low specificity (36-48.5%) of ultrasound in the diagnosis of symptomatic lateral epicondylitis. Our real-time sonoelastographic findings had a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity equal to that of ultrasound (89%), and greater accuracy than ultrasound (real-time sonoelastography, 94%; ultrasound, 91%). Furthermore, good correlation with ultrasound findings was found (r = 0.900-0.927). Our findings were distinctly better than those of Levin et al., but the specificity was lower. A potential cause of the low specificity is that a spectrum of pathologic imaging findings may be present before the onset of symptoms, leading to false-positive findings if clinical examination is the reference standard.

Connell et al. [12] argued that power Doppler ultrasound failed to show vascularization in epicondylitis, and Zanetti et al. [20] found a limited role of power Doppler ultrasound of tendons in outcome prediction. However, it has been suggested [21, 22] that chronic degenerative tendinopathy is associated with hyperemia of uncertain origin. Interestingly, we did not find any correlation between ultrasound and power Doppler ultrasound or between real-time sonoelastography and power Doppler ultrasound, but we did find that among patients power Doppler ultrasound findings had a strong correlation with visual analog scale pain score (r = 0.844).

Several limitations have to be mentioned. First, ultrasound examinations in general depend on the individual operator. Although care was taken to obtain reproducible images, we did not calculate interobserver or intraobserver variability. We avoided high pressure and overly low pressure to obtain a relevant conclusion because even on images for which pressure was decreased below a certain level, the pattern of elasticity started to change markedly. Furthermore, real-time sonoelastographic construction of images led to artifacts; the red of soft tissue was found in the elbow and surrounding bony structures. With practice, however, it became easy to differentiate artifacts from reliable images. Another limitation was the problem that with a certain extent of rupture, several focal lesions on real-time sonoelastography merged and looked like one single large focal lesion.

We conclude that real-time sonoelastography can be used to differentiate healthy and symptomatic diseased extensor tendon origins at the lateral epicondyle with excellent correlation with ultrasound and clinical examination findings. Real-time sonoelastography also may be a powerful diagnostic adjunct to ultrasound and power Doppler ultrasound in a detailed, accurate, and sensitive combined diagnostic approach to suspected lateral epicondylitis.

References

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 

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